emcawiki - User contributions [en]

Okada2023

2024-07-03T00:32:30Z

AkiSiegel: Created page with "{{BibEntry |BibType=INCOLLECTION |Author(s)=Yusuke Okada; Aki Siegel; |Title=“Awkward moments” during first-time informal online ELF interaction and its social relational..."

{{BibEntry
|BibType=INCOLLECTION
|Author(s)=Yusuke Okada; Aki Siegel;
|Title=“Awkward moments” during first-time informal online ELF interaction and its social relational consequence
|Editor(s)=Bushnell, Cade Moody, Steve
|Tag(s)=EMCA; ELF; Online; Friendship; Empathy
|Key=Okada2023
|Publisher=Routledge
|Year=2023
|Language=English
|Booktitle=Navigating Friendships in Interaction: Discursive and Ethnographic Perspectives
|Pages=32-53
|Abstract=Initial interactions between unacquainted participants have been studied to reveal how “friendship” between them arises in the process of communica- tion. It has been suggested that in addition to sharing knowledge on an issue or thing, sharing an affective stance on an issue or event is one of the keys for building a friendship relationship in initial interaction; that is, the recipient’s display of a relevant affective stance that matches the speaker’s affective stance indicated in the speaker’s telling of an event is considered to be a practice of a close relationship (e.g., Jefferson, 1988; Mandelbaum, 1991; Svennevig, 1999, 2014; Wong, 2021). It is a moral order for the recipient to provide an affectively relevant response after the previous speaker’s affectively loaded telling of an event (see Heritage, 2011: 160–161) to build empathic commu- nication; morality seems to be sustained even in initial interaction (Flint et al., 2019). However, to the best of our knowledge, the question of whether and how the display of a relevant affective (re)action leads to the construction of friendship, or any close relationship, between unacquainted participants in the initial interaction has not been fully investigated. Is the establishment of an empathic moment at the turn level sufficient to build a friendship?
This chapter aims to closely examine actual interactional sequences of empathic communication between unacquainted participants in an English as lingua franca (ELF) initial interaction and the subsequent development of the sequences in their discussions. The study particularly focuses on empathic com- munication that contains an “awkward moment,” where neither interlocutor takes a turn and both remain silent after a possible empathic moment. Such a moment indicates a problem in the preceding empathic communication. We demonstrate through the analysis that achieving empathetic moments in talk at the turn level does not necessarily indicate a close interpersonal relationship being built between the speakers. Paradoxically, such a study will suggest what should not be done for unacquainted participants to go beyond becoming acquainted.
In the following sections, we will first explain the findings of discourse analytic studies on initial interactions between unacquainted participants, and studies on empathy in interactions and how it is concerned with interpersonal and social relationships. We then describe the data used for this study and show detailed analyses of selected excerpts of the actual initial ELF encounters between L2 English speakers. As a conclusion, we discuss the main contri- butions of this study, namely, how speakers’ orientation to self-presentation sometimes prevents the subsequent development of reciprocal empathic exchange after a turn-level empathic moment, and how such undeveloped talk represents a seemingly similar but critically different identity in the partici- pants, which is consequential to the interpersonal relationship.
}}

Siegel2018

2024-07-03T00:27:57Z

AkiSiegel: Created page with "{{BibEntry |BibType=ARTICLE |Author(s)=Aki Siegel; |Title=Superficial intersubjectivity in ELF university dormitory interactions |Tag(s)=EMCA; Intersubjetivity; ELF; dormitory..."

{{BibEntry
|BibType=ARTICLE
|Author(s)=Aki Siegel;
|Title=Superficial intersubjectivity in ELF university dormitory interactions
|Tag(s)=EMCA; Intersubjetivity; ELF; dormitory
|Key=Siegel2018
|Year=2018
|Language=English
|Journal=Journal of English as a Lingua Franca
|Volume=7
|Number=2
|Pages=377-402
|DOI=https://doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2018-0015
|Abstract=The current study investigates the phenomena of “superficial intersubjectivity” occurring in English as a lingua franca (ELF) interactions at an international university dormitory in Japan. “Intersubjectivity” (Rommetveit, Ragnar. 1976. On the architecture of intersubjectivity. In Ragnar Rommetveit & Rolv Mikkel Blakar [eds.], Studies of language, thought, and verbal communication, 93–107. New York: Academic Press) refers to the shared perspective of the social world by the interlocutors. In ELF interactions where shared perspectives cannot be presumed, efforts to achieve intersubjectivity are critical. ELF research has explicated speakers’ efforts and cooperativeness to achieve intersubjectivity or avoid misunderstandings during interactions (Kaur, Jagdish. 2011a. “Doing being a language expert”: The case of the ELF speaker. In Alasdair Archibald, Alessia Cogo & Jennifer Jenkins [eds.], Latest Trends in ELF Research, 53–75. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2001. Closing a conceptual gap: The case for a description of English as a lingua franca. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 11[2]. 133–158). However, few studies have investigated cases where speakers display mutual understanding during a repair sequence even when the understanding is not accurate.

Approximately 37 hours of naturally occurring ELF interactions were collected and analyzed using a standard conversation analysis followed by a post-analytic researcher observation. Detailed analyses of repair sequences regarding a word suggest that in non-institutional ELF interactions the accuracy of intersubjectivity is not always prioritized. Rather, statements made by the speaker positioned as the one with relatively stronger linguistic ability seem to hold influence over the repair sequence, which prompts the interlocutor with relatively weaker ability to agree with inaccurate candidate understandings. The study suggests a connection between the positioning of speakers regarding linguistic knowledge and the construction of intersubjectivity in ELF interactions.
}}

Siegal2016

2024-07-03T00:23:47Z

AkiSiegel:

{{BibEntry
|BibType=PHDTHESIS
|Author(s)=Aki Siegel;
|Title=Longitudinal Development of Word Search Sequences in English as a Lingua Franca Interaction
|Tag(s)=EMCA; Longitudinal Study; Word searches; Lingua franca;
|Key=Siegal2016
|Year=2016
|Language=English
|URL=https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/dspace/handle/10443/3227
|School=Newcastle University
|Abstract=This study investigates the longitudinal development of L2 English speakers’ use of word search sequences. Word search sequences are moments in talk when a speaker displays difficulty finding the appropriate linguistic item to convey the message that could be understood by the interlocutor. Word search sequences are the target object of this study due to their importance in achieving intersubjectivity in L2 interactions and progressing the conversation (Chiarenza, 2010; Kim, 2009; Kurhila, 2006). Despite its crucial role in interaction, little research has investigated how word search sequences are co-constructed and the interlocutors’ influence on the L2 speaker’s word search sequences in English as a lingua franca (ELF) interactions, where speakers do not share the same L1. Moreover, the development of the speakers and the changes of the use of word search sequences that occur over time in ELF interactions have not been documented. Core participants were four female Japanese L2 speakers of English engaged in ELF interactions with 32 different students from 10 different countries at an international university dormitory in Japan. Video recordings across 22 months were collected, starting from the early stages of joining an ELF environment for their first time. Approximately 37 hours of video conversations were transcribed and analyzed using Conversation Analysis (CA) as the main method of analysis. Initial analyses highlighted features of word search sequences in ELF interactions. The Japanese participants demonstrated (a) strong preference towards self-repair of self-initiated word searches even in ELF interactions through the use of candidate words, code-switching, semantic contiguity, gestures, and dictionary and (b) unique methods of initiating word searches using code-switching or what-endings. Furthermore, (c) the partners displayed a wider variety of responses towards the word search sequences than in L1-L2 interactions. ii The longitudinal and quantitative CA analysis demonstrated that (a) there are large individual differences in the changes of word search sequence patterns, (b) participants display changes in their word search sequences as an adaptation to their interactional partner, and (c) the interactional partners displayed less other-correction to the word search sequences as time progressed. Findings suggests that language development is neither linear nor an individual activity, but displays characteristics of a Complex Adaptive System (N. C. Ellis & Larsen- Freeman, 2009b; Seedhouse, 2010b) where non-linear adaptation is mutually accomplished between the interlocutors. This study advocates the need for a more holistic view of language development, which could lead to new avenues for language learning and applied linguistic research.
}}

Siegel2021

2024-07-03T00:23:12Z

AkiSiegel: Created page with "{{BibEntry |BibType=INCOLLECTION |Author(s)=Aki Siegel; |Title=Development of shared multilingual resources in ELF dyadic interaction: A longitudinal case study |Editor(s)=Mau..."

{{BibEntry
|BibType=INCOLLECTION
|Author(s)=Aki Siegel;
|Title=Development of shared multilingual resources in ELF dyadic interaction: A longitudinal case study
|Editor(s)=Mauranen, Anna Vetchinnikova, Svetlana
|Tag(s)=EMCA; Longitudinal CA; ELF
|Key=Siegel2021
|Publisher=Cambridge University Press
|Year=2021
|Language=English
|Address=Cambridge
|Booktitle=Language change: The impact of English as a lingua franca
|Pages=311-335
|Abstract=This paper investigates longitudinal development of shared languages available in English as a lingua franca (ELF) interactions. Here, ELF refers to English spoken as a contact language between speakers from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds (Archibald, Cogo, & Jenkins, 2011). In ELF interactions, speakers are, in theory, multilingual and have “individual multilingual repertoires (IMRs)” (Pitzl, 2016). These IMRs may overlap between the speakers, which become a “multilingual resource pool (MRP)”. Recent ELF studies have demonstrated the multilingual nature of ELF and the creative use of other languages in interactions (e.g., Hülmbauer, 2009; Pitzl, 2016). However, it is unclear if speakers have the MRP from their first encounter, or how speakers begin to consider the possibility of another shared language besides English. The current study therefore explores how the MRP, or the acknowledgment of the MRP changes over time.
The study takes place in a dormitory at an international university in Japan. The study focuses on two participants: Jacy from Thailand (L1 Thai, L2 English) and Yoko from Japan (L1 Japanese, L2 English) (both pseudonyms). Jacy started studying Japanese after entering the university, and Yoko started studying Thai after 6 months of entering the university. Therefore, English was the main language of communication between the two participants at early stages of their encounter.
Four recordings were made between these two participants across 8 months, starting from soon after the two entered university and first met. A total of 143 minutes of video recordings were collected, transcribed and analysed using Conversation Analysis and framework of epistemic stance (Heritage, 2012) to understand the actions during the talk. The study focused on repair sequences where the speakers put the main conversation on halt to deal with troubles in speaking, hearing or understanding (Schegloff, Jefferson, & Sacks, 1977). Repairs were the focus due to its importance in progressing the conversation, and L2 speakers known to use various available resources to achieve a mutual understanding (Ishida, 2011; Kurhila, 2006).
Detailed analyses of repair sequences demonstrated a gradual change in the pattern of participation during word search sequences initiated in Japanese. Yoko displayed increase in acknowledgment of Jacy as a knower of Japanese through delayed initiation of repairs, as well as Jacy displaying increase in participation in these word searches. In addition, the analysis identified change in Yoko’s display of epistemic stance towards the Thai language; from displaying explicit non-knowing of Thai and aborting to initiate repair, to using Thai in order to initiate and invite Jacy to other-repair. In other words, through multiple encounters, Jacy and Yoko displayed increasing mutual acknowledgment of Japanese and Thai as a MRP between the two.
The current study analysing longitudinal naturally occurring ELF interactions confirms the existence of IMR and MRP, and demonstrates the process of the expansion of the MRP. Findings suggest that speakers in ELF interactions are constantly monitoring each other’s linguistic resources and ability, and interactional resources are created and cultured in a sequential process that occurs through multiple encounters, adaptation, and accommodation in order to achieve mutual understanding.
}}

Siegel2016

2024-07-03T00:16:57Z

AkiSiegel: Created page with "{{BibEntry |BibType=ARTICLE |Author(s)=Aki Siegel; |Title=Oh no, it’s just culture": Multicultural identities in action in ELF interactions |Tag(s)=EMCA; |Key=Siegel2016 |Ye..."

{{BibEntry
|BibType=ARTICLE
|Author(s)=Aki Siegel;
|Title=Oh no, it’s just culture": Multicultural identities in action in ELF interactions
|Tag(s)=EMCA;
|Key=Siegel2016
|Year=2016
|Language=English
|Journal=Journal of Asian Pacific Communication
|Volume=26
|Number=2
|Pages=193-215
|DOI=https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.26.2.02sie
|Abstract=This study investigates the dynamic identities of an Asian university student engaged in English as a lingua franca (ELF) interactions from a membership categorization analysis (MCA) approach (Sacks, 1972a, 1989). Studies adopting MCA have demonstrated that identity and intercultural membership are co-constructed in ongoing interactions (e.g., Nishizaka, 1999; E. Zimmerman, 2007). Nevertheless, MCA studies have yet to document the multicultural identity of an individual and the ways in which members co-construct their multifaceted identities in naturally occurring non-institutional ELF interactions. The study analyzes interactions between two participants from different Asian countries, Japan and Korea. Approximately three hours of video recorded conversations were collected across four months. In and through the interaction, one of the participants was found utilizing multiple cultural identities to accomplish interactive goals. In addition, “language-form related category-bound activity” was used in constructing these identities. This study challenges the use of predetermined social categories and suggests an organic and interactional approach to identity construction.
}}